Shular v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 779 (2020)

The primary issue is the interpretation of a provision of the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), specifically 18 U.S.C. §924(e)(2)(A)(ii). The central question is whether the provision requires the courts to match the defendant's prior state convictions to certain generic offenses (i.e., defined by the elements of the offenses) or if it requires just a review of the conduct described (i.e., manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent).

Arguments:

Shular's Argument: Shular contends that the provision should be interpreted to mean that the defendant's prior conviction must match the elements of a generic offense. He also argues that interpreting it otherwise could lead to ACCA enhancements based on outlier state laws. The Court's View on Florida's Law: The Court notes that Florida does not completely disregard mens rea (intention or knowledge of wrongdoing). A defendant charged under the Florida statute can raise unawareness of the illicit nature of a substance as an affirmative defense. If this defense is raised, the jury would have to find knowledge beyond a reasonable doubt.

Court's Interpretation:

The Court believes that both parties' interpretations of the provision could lead to some form of consistency, but the crucial decision is determining which consistency Congress intended. The Court concludes that Congress intended the provision to apply to all offenders based on the conduct described, not by matching the elements of generic offenses. Rule of Lenity: Shular argues that the rule of lenity should apply. The rule of lenity requires that ambiguous criminal laws be interpreted in favor of the defendants. However, the Court finds that the provision is not ambiguous, and thus the rule of lenity does not apply.

Key Cases and Statutes Referenced:

• 18 U.S.C. §924(e)(2)(A)(ii) - The primary statute in question which deals with enhancements for repeat offenders under the ACCA.
• Fla. Stat. §893.13(1)(a) - A Florida statute that defines offenses related to controlled substances.
• United States v. Shabani, 513 U. S. 10, 17 (1994) - A case cited regarding the rule of lenity and how it applies when there's ambiguity in criminal laws. In "United States v. Shabani," the Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether the federal drug conspiracy statute, 21 U.S.C. § 846, requires the government to prove that a defendant who is accused of conspiracy to distribute drugs had committed an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy. The Court unanimously held that the government does not need to prove an overt act to convict someone under the federal drug conspiracy statute. The decision was based on the wording of the statute itself, which does not mention the need for an overt act, and on the legislative history, which suggests that Congress intentionally omitted such a requirement. The Court's ruling clarified the standard for drug conspiracy prosecutions, making it distinct from other types of conspiracy that might require proof of an overt act.
  

Implications of the Case:

The Supreme Court's decision in "Shular v. United States" clarified how the ACCA enhancement should be applied. Instead of having to match prior convictions to generic offenses, courts simply need to see if prior convictions involved specific types of drug-related conduct. This makes it clearer for courts to determine if someone is a repeat offender under the ACCA, which could lead to longer sentences for those with prior convictions related to drugs.